للشرح والفهرسة للجاحظ ..مع البخلاء
اخوي السسموحة منك ما حصلت الطلب جاهز..
وان شاء الله اخت وردة افادتك..
موفق يارب
Seven Ancient Wonders of the World
Here is a list of seven ancient wonders of the world. It provides information in short about the oldest seven wonders known as of today.
Pyramids of Egypt
The three pyramids located in Giza near Cairo are one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Among the three pyramids, the largest was built in ancient Egypt by a king of the fourth dynasty, called Khufu. Approximate height of the largest pyramid is 450 feet and its construction was completed in 2680 B.C.
Temple of Artemis
The construction of temple of Artemis had started in 350 B.C. and was built in the honor of Diana, a non-Hellenic goddess. The need to state the word, ‘non-Hellenic’ arises due to the fact that, the name Diana got associated with a Greek goddess later on. The Temple of Artemis which is located in Ephesis was destroyed by Goths during the invasion in 262 A.D.
Colossus of Rhodes
The colossus of Rhodes depicts the sun god, Helius and was built by Chares from Rhodes (formerly known as Lindus). This 105 feet statue was destroyed during an earthquake which occurred in 224 B.C. It is said that ships which came to the harbor passed between the legs of this huge statue.
The Statue of Zeus
The statue was built around 432 B.C. and erected in the Zeus (Jupiter) temple of Olympia. This 39 feet high statue was made of ivory and gold. Wooden frames were used in the construction by the sculptor Phidias who created this statue.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Built around 600 B.C. by Nebuchadnezzar II, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was built by king Nebuchednezzar in 600 B.C (circa), in an attempt to please his wife, Amytis (also known as Amuhia). The Hanging Gardens which was laid above a vaulted building had the facility of raising water. The height of different terraces on the Hanging Garden varied from 75 to 300 feet.
The Pharos of Alexandria
The Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria was built in Alexandria, Egypt on an island called Pharos. It was constructed by Soatratus, a Greek architect. Estimates of the height of this building vary between 115 m and 135 m. During an earthquake which occurred in the 13th century building got destroyed.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
This monument was built by Queen Artemisia in the memory of king Mausolus, her husband. The mausoleum at Halicarnassus which is actually a tomb has an approximate height of 45 m.
Seven Modern Wonders of the World
The modern wonders include 6 new and an ancient world wonder. The Giza Pyramid complex is the only ancient wonder to feature in this list. The remaining 6 wonders are enlisted below.
Christ the Redeemer
A statue of Jesus Christ located in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, Christ the Redeemer has a height of 39.6 m and is the largest ‘Art Deco’ statue.
The Great Wall of China
A series of walls built on the northern border of China, it was constructed and maintained during the period between 5th and 16th century. The Great Wall of China that we see today was constructed in the Ming dynasty. Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China had built a wall, the remains of which are found even today. It was built between 220 B.C. and 206 B.C.
Taj Mahal
It is a mausoleum built by Shah Jahan a Mughal emperor in the memory of Mumtaz Mahal, his wife. The Taj Mahal is located at Agra, India and was constructed between 1632 A.D. And 1648 A.D.
Chichen Itza
The word Chichen can be broken into ‘chi’ and ‘ch’e’en’, which means ‘mouth’ and ‘well’ respectively. Itza is an ethnic group of northern peninsula of Mexico. The name, Chichen Itza thus, translates as, ‘at the mouth of well of Itza’. This pyramidal structure was built during the Mayan civilization.
Petra
A rock city carved in red stone at Jordan by Nabataens, is one of the major tourist attractions. It has been described as a "rose-red city half as old as time". It remained hidden from the western world till 1812, when Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardt discovered it. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man’s cultural heritage".
Machu Picchu
An archaeological site located at a height of 2,430 m in the Urubamba Valley, Peru, Machu Picchu is 80 km. away from Cuzco. The construction of Machu Picchu started in 1400 A.D. during the Inca civilization, however, the site was abandoned later on.
Apart from the ancient and modern wonders, the seven natural wonders of the world include Mount Everest, Victoria Falls, Great Barrier Reef, Harbor of Rio de Janeiro, Paricutin Volcano, Aurora and Grand Canyon. The list of ancient and modern seven wonders of the world presents before us the richness of culture and architecture of our ancestors.
|
If YOU have been to one of these Natural Wonders of the World. Don’t keep it to yourself.Share Your Experience with us click on this link.
|
Victoria Falls is one of the seven wonders of the world, stretching 1.7 kilometres wide and shared by the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The falls are formed as the full width of the Zambezi river plummets into a 108 metre high cleft. During the wet season, the spray from the falls can be seen nearly 50 kilometres away, hence the name Mosi-oa-Tunya (the ‘Smoke that Thunders’).
Aurora Borealis, another one of the natural wonders of the world, appears in the North sky and is visible only from the Northern Hemisphere. These northern polar lights appear inadvertently from September to October and March to April. The Aurora Borealis is named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora and the Greek name for the north wind, Boreas. Often seen as a greenish glow or occasionally a faint red, the lights consist of solar wind and particles that appear as “curtains” or streamers extending in an east-west direction across the sky. Shaped by the earth’s magnetic field, the lights are constantly changing and evolving. The Cree call this phenomenon the “Dance of the Spirits.”
والثاني:
The most remarkable or amazing creations by mankind are included in the list of seven wonders of the world. The number 7 is said to symbolize perfection and hence is used to list the wonders. The seven wonders of the ancient times, due to destruction are no longer available for people to see. Thus, the need to find out new wonder may have arisen. The information about both ancient and new seven wonders is provided in the paragraphs below.
Seven Ancient Wonders of the World
Here is a list of seven ancient wonders of the world. It provides information in short about the oldest seven wonders known as of today.
Pyramids of Egypt
The three pyramids located in Giza near Cairo are one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Among the three pyramids, the largest was built in ancient Egypt by a king of the fourth dynasty, called Khufu. Approximate height of the largest pyramid is 450 feet and its construction was completed in 2680 B.C.
Temple of Artemis
The construction of temple of Artemis had started in 350 B.C. and was built in the honor of Diana, a non-Hellenic goddess. The need to state the word, ‘non-Hellenic’ arises due to the fact that, the name Diana got associated with a Greek goddess later on. The Temple of Artemis which is located in Ephesis was destroyed by Goths during the invasion in 262 A.D.
Colossus of Rhodes
The colossus of Rhodes depicts the sun god, Helius and was built by Chares from Rhodes (formerly known as Lindus). This 105 feet statue was destroyed during an earthquake which occurred in 224 B.C. It is said that ships which came to the harbor passed between the legs of this huge statue.
The Statue of Zeus
The statue was built around 432 B.C. and erected in the Zeus (Jupiter) temple of Olympia. This 39 feet high statue was made of ivory and gold. Wooden frames were used in the construction by the sculptor Phidias who created this statue.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Built around 600 B.C. by Nebuchadnezzar II, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was built by king Nebuchednezzar in 600 B.C (circa), in an attempt to please his wife, Amytis (also known as Amuhia). The Hanging Gardens which was laid above a vaulted building had the facility of raising water. The height of different terraces on the Hanging Garden varied from 75 to 300 feet.
The Pharos of Alexandria
The Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria was built in Alexandria, Egypt on an island called Pharos. It was constructed by Soatratus, a Greek architect. Estimates of the height of this building vary between 115 m and 135 m. During an earthquake which occurred in the 13th century building got destroyed.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
This monument was built by Queen Artemisia in the memory of king Mausolus, her husband. The mausoleum at Halicarnassus which is actually a tomb has an approximate
height of 45 m.
والثالث:
| Modern Seven Wonders of The World | |||||||||||||||||||||||
والرابع: The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
The ancient Greek historian Herodotus began to compile a list of the Ancient Wonders of the World as early as the fifth century BC. In the second century BC complete lists of Seven Wonders were made, although most did not contain the Pharos of Alexandria but instead included the Walls of Babylon. In the sixth century AD, the Walls of Babylon had been replaced by the Pharos, and by the Middle Ages a list was agreed upon that still exists today. These Seven Ancient Wonders are described in the paragraphs below, appearing in chronological order. The Pyramids of Giza
Of all the wonders of the ancient world, the Great Pyramid is by far the most well known. The construction of pyramids in Egypt probably began about 2700 BC, when an architect named Imhotep built a step pyramid at aqqrah out of stone blocks rather than the traditional mud bricks. This pyramid was to be the tomb of Zoser, the second pharaoh of the third dynasty, who reigned form 2737-2717 BC. The design for the step pyramid was modified by other third dynasty pharaohs, and by the beginning of the fourth dynasty King Snefru constructed the first true pyramid at Dahshor. The design of the true pyramid was again used by Snefru’s son Khufu (Greek: Cheops), who built the first of the three pyramids at Giza. Khufu’s pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid, is the largest of the three, with an original height of 481 feet and a base length of 755 feet per side. The height today is only 451 feet, the result of looters stripping the outer white limestone and the slight settling of the pyramid base. Approximately 2.3 million blocks went into the Great Pyramid, each weighing about 2.5 tons. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that the Great Pyramid was constructed over a 20 year period with the labor of about 100,000 men. The precision of the architecture is reflected in that the four corners of the base are in alignment with the four points of the compass. Some of the outer limestone still remains atop the second pyramid, which was built by Khufu’s son Khafer (Chephren), who succeeded his brother Redjedef (2613-2603 BC) to the throne. Khafer’s pyramid was 471 feet high when constructed, with the base about 707 feet per side. The Great Sphinx, located very near the pyramids, is said to have the face of Khafer and the body of a lion. The last of the immense Giza pyramids was built by Menkaure (Mycerinus), who ruled from 2578 to 2553 BC. This pyramid is the smallest of the three, reaching a height of only 218 feet and base lengths of 356 feet. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built at the Royal Palace of Babylonia, which was located on the Euphrates river about 50 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq. There are two accounts as to the creation of the Gardens. The more popular belief is that King Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC) of Babylonia built them to comfort his wife, Amyitis, who missed the mountain surroundings of her homeland. The other possible creator of the Gardens is Queen Sammu-ramat (Semiramis), who lived two centuries before Nebuchadnezzar. There are no known remains of the Gardens that would verify their existence. In fact, only ancient Greek historians and poets mention the Gardens; Babylonian writings say nothing of them. Many people today believe that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon never existed, that the Greek poets and historians saw them only in their own minds. However, if they did exist as the Greeks claim, they contained elevated terraces that were stepped to form mountain-like structures. Exotic plants and animals inhabited the gardens, and large irrigation systems pumped water throughout the terraces. The Greek historian Philo wrote of the Gardens: "The Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the earth. The whole mass is supported on stone columns… Streams of water emerging from elevated sources flow down sloping channels… These waters irrigate the whole garden saturating the roots of plants and keeping the whole area moist. Hence the grass is permanently green and the leaves of trees grow firmly attached to supple branches… This is a work of art of royal luxury and its most striking feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended above the heads of the spectators."
Statue of Zeus
The Statue of Zeus was crafted over an eight year period at Olympia, Greece and was finished in 430 BC. Phidias, its creator, was perhaps the finest sculptor in all of the ancient world. A magnificent temple was constructed to house the 40 ft. tall statue. This temple attained a religious significance far greater than any other Greek temple in the world of antiquity. The magnificent statue was made primarily of gold and ivory molded over a wooden frame. The King of Gods was depicted as sitting on his throne with a symbol of Nike (victory) in his right hand and a scepter crowned by an eagle in his left. The statue was decorated with ebony, ivory, precious stones, silver, gold, sphinxes and winged symbols of victory. The Temple flourished until the fourth century AD, when it was closed after the Olympic Games were banned by the Christian Emperor Theodosius. Fires, floods and earthquakes damaged and eventually destroyed the temple in 426 AD. The statue was transported to Constantinople where it was kept until 462, when it was destroyed by a severe fire. Temple of Artemis
The Temple of Artemis was built in Ephesus (modern day Selcuk, Turkey) about 550 BC. It was dedicated to Artemis (Roman: Diana), twin sister of Apollo and goddess of the hunt, childbirth, the harvest, nature, and the moon. Croesus, the King of Ancient Lydia, sponsored the construction of the temple, which was made almost entirely of marble. It contained a statue of Artemis, depicting the goddess standing straight with her hands outstretched, that was made of such precious materials as gold, silver, and ebony. The temple was also glorified by the other incredible works of art contained in it, as well as its enormous size (about 350 by 180 feet). Many ivory, bronze, and gold statues and other art works contained in the temple came from as far as India. The original temple was burned by a madman named Herostratus in 356 BC, rebuilt under Alexander the Great and again destroyed by the Goths in 262 AD. Sadly, the magnificent temple was never restored, making it, like five of the other ancient wonders, known to us only through the words of historians. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum, Turkey) was the tomb of Mausolus, a tyrant King of Caria, a kingdom in the Persian Empire. It was built from 353 to 351 BC by Artemisia, the sister and widow of Mausolus. The base of the mausoleum was formed by a 60 ft. high stepped podium. A colonnade was above this, which consisted of 36 columns supporting the roof. The roof was a 24-step pyramid with a four horse marble chariot fixed at the top. The total height of the mausoleum was 140 ft., 20 ft. of which was the chariot statue. Many other statues of all sizes adorned the mausoleum both inside and out. These were constructed by the four prominent Greek sculptors of the time: Scopas, Bryaxis, Leochartes, and Timotheus. An earthquake probably partially destroyed the mausoleum around the 13th century, and by 1522, Crusaders had completely disassembled the structure and used the blocks in buildings and castles. The name of King Mausolus inspired all similar burial chambers to be known as "mausoleums". Colossus of Rhodes
The Colossus of Rhodes was a 110 ft. high statue of Helios, the Greek sun god, erected near the opening of the harbor of Rhodes, an island in Greece. It was built from about 292-280 BC after a peace agreement between the Macedonians and the Rhodians. A war between those two groups had been fought, and when the Macedonians left Rhodes in peace, they left a wealth of military equipment behind. The Colossus was built at the harbor to celebrate the end of this war. It was made of bronze with a white marble base and was reinforced with iron and stone. Unfortunately, it was toppled just 56 years later by an earthquake, leaving the Colossus lying on its side, which is how it remained until 653 AD. In this year Arabs invaded Rhodes and tore apart the Colossus, selling the bronze for scrap. Many people believe the medieval myth that the Colossus straddled the harbor, but in reality it stood off to one side. The design for the Statue of Liberty was inspired by the Colossus. Pharos of Alexanderia
The Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria was constructed by Sostratus for Ptolemy II, ruler of Egypt, in about 280 BC on the island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria, Egypt. This lighthouse had a square base, an octagonal midsection, and a cylindrical top. There was a large statue on the top of the Pharos, probably of Alexander the Great or Pyolemy I Soter. The total height of the structure was slightly more than 440 ft., with either a fire burning or a mirror reflecting sunlight at the top. In the Middle Ages, the Arabs who conquered Egypt neglected to maintain the lighthouse. It was rattled by earthquakes in AD 956, 1303 and 1323, and by the 15th century it was destroyed. In 1477 the Mamlk sultan Q’it By built a fort over the ruins of the Pharos, using the rubble of the once marvelous structure in walls and fortifications. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Seven Modern Wonders of the World
The modern wonders include 6 new and an ancient world wonder. The Giza Pyramid complex is the only ancient wonder to feature in this list. The remaining 6 wonders are enlisted below.
Christ the Redeemer
A statue of Jesus Christ located in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, Christ the Redeemer has a height of 39.6 m and is the largest ‘Art Deco’ statue.
The Great Wall of China
A series of walls built on the northern border of China, it was constructed and maintained during the period between 5th and 16th century. The Great Wall of China that we see today was constructed in the Ming dynasty. Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China had built a wall, the remains of which are found even today. It was built between 220 B.C. and 206 B.C.
Taj Mahal
It is a mausoleum built by Shah Jahan a Mughal emperor in the memory of Mumtaz Mahal, his wife. The Taj Mahal is located at Agra, India and was constructed between 1632 A.D. And 1648 A.D.
Chichen Itza
The word Chichen can be broken into ‘chi’ and ‘ch’e’en’, which means ‘mouth’ and ‘well’ respectively. Itza is an ethnic group of northern peninsula of Mexico. The name, Chichen Itza thus, translates as, ‘at the mouth of well of Itza’. This pyramidal structure was built during the Mayan civilization.
Petra
A rock city carved in red stone at Jordan by Nabataens, is one of the major tourist attractions. It has been described as a "rose-red city half as old as time". It remained hidden from the western world till 1812, when Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardt discovered it. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man’s cultural heritage".
Machu Picchu
An archaeological site located at a height of 2,430 m in the Urubamba Valley, Peru, Machu Picchu is 80 km. away from Cuzco. The construction of Machu Picchu started in 1400 A.D. during the Inca civilization, however, the site was abandoned later on.
Apart from the ancient and modern wonders, the seven natural wonders of the world include Mount Everest, Victoria Falls, Great Barrier Reef, Harbor of Rio de Janeiro, Paricutin Volcano, Aurora and Grand Canyon. The list of ancient and modern seven wonders of the world presents before us the richness of culture and architecture of our ancestors.
Victoria Falls is one of the seven wonders of the world, stretching 1.7 kilometres wide and shared by the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The falls are formed as the full width of the Zambezi river plummets into a 108 metre high cleft. During the wet season, the spray from the falls can be seen nearly 50 kilometres away, hence the name Mosi-oa-Tunya (the ‘Smoke that Thunders’).
Aurora Borealis, another one of the natural wonders of the world, appears in the North sky and is visible only from the Northern Hemisphere. These northern polar lights appear inadvertently from September to October and March to April. The Aurora Borealis is named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora and the Greek name for the north wind, Boreas. Often seen as a greenish glow or occasionally a faint red, the lights consist of solar wind and particles that appear as “curtains” or streamers extending in an east-west direction across the sky. Shaped by the earth’s magnetic field, the lights are constantly changing and evolving. The Cree call this phenomenon the “Dance of the Spirits.”
والثاني:
The most remarkable or amazing creations by mankind are included in the list of seven wonders of the world. The number 7 is said to symbolize perfection and hence is used to list the wonders. The seven wonders of the ancient times, due to destruction are no longer available for people to see. Thus, the need to find out new wonder may have arisen. The information about both ancient and new seven wonders is provided in the paragraphs below.
Seven Ancient Wonders of the World
Here is a list of seven ancient wonders of the world. It provides information in short about the oldest seven wonders known as of today.
Pyramids of Egypt
The three pyramids located in Giza near Cairo are one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Among the three pyramids, the largest was built in ancient Egypt by a king of the fourth dynasty, called Khufu. Approximate height of the largest pyramid is 450 feet and its construction was completed in 2680 B.C.
Temple of Artemis
The construction of temple of Artemis had started in 350 B.C. and was built in the honor of Diana, a non-Hellenic goddess. The need to state the word, ‘non-Hellenic’ arises due to the fact that, the name Diana got associated with a Greek goddess later on. The Temple of Artemis which is located in Ephesis was destroyed by Goths during the invasion in 262 A.D.
Colossus of Rhodes
The colossus of Rhodes depicts the sun god, Helius and was built by Chares from Rhodes (formerly known as Lindus). This 105 feet statue was destroyed during an earthquake which occurred in 224 B.C. It is said that ships which came to the harbor passed between the legs of this huge statue.
The Statue of Zeus
The statue was built around 432 B.C. and erected in the Zeus (Jupiter) temple of Olympia. This 39 feet high statue was made of ivory and gold. Wooden frames were used in the construction by the sculptor Phidias who created this statue.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Built around 600 B.C. by Nebuchadnezzar II, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was built by king Nebuchednezzar in 600 B.C (circa), in an attempt to please his wife, Amytis (also known as Amuhia). The Hanging Gardens which was laid above a vaulted building had the facility of raising water. The height of different terraces on the Hanging Garden varied from 75 to 300 feet.
The Pharos of Alexandria
The Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria was built in Alexandria, Egypt on an island called Pharos. It was constructed by Soatratus, a Greek architect. Estimates of the height of this building vary between 115 m and 135 m. During an earthquake which occurred in the 13th century building got destroyed.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
This monument was built by Queen Artemisia in the memory of king Mausolus, her husband. The mausoleum at Halicarnassus which is actually a tomb has an approximate
height of 45 m.
والثالث:
| Modern Seven Wonders of The World | |||||||||||||||||||
والرابع: The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
The ancient Greek historian Herodotus began to compile a list of the Ancient Wonders of the World as early as the fifth century BC. In the second century BC complete lists of Seven Wonders were made, although most did not contain the Pharos of Alexandria but instead included the Walls of Babylon. In the sixth century AD, the Walls of Babylon had been replaced by the Pharos, and by the Middle Ages a list was agreed upon that still exists today. These Seven Ancient Wonders are described in the paragraphs below, appearing in chronological order. The Pyramids of Giza
Of all the wonders of the ancient world, the Great Pyramid is by far the most well known. The construction of pyramids in Egypt probably began about 2700 BC, when an architect named Imhotep built a step pyramid at aqqrah out of stone blocks rather than the traditional mud bricks. This pyramid was to be the tomb of Zoser, the second pharaoh of the third dynasty, who reigned form 2737-2717 BC. The design for the step pyramid was modified by other third dynasty pharaohs, and by the beginning of the fourth dynasty King Snefru constructed the first true pyramid at Dahshor. The design of the true pyramid was again used by Snefru’s son Khufu (Greek: Cheops), who built the first of the three pyramids at Giza. Khufu’s pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid, is the largest of the three, with an original height of 481 feet and a base length of 755 feet per side. The height today is only 451 feet, the result of looters stripping the outer white limestone and the slight settling of the pyramid base. Approximately 2.3 million blocks went into the Great Pyramid, each weighing about 2.5 tons. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that the Great Pyramid was constructed over a 20 year period with the labor of about 100,000 men. The precision of the architecture is reflected in that the four corners of the base are in alignment with the four points of the compass. Some of the outer limestone still remains atop the second pyramid, which was built by Khufu’s son Khafer (Chephren), who succeeded his brother Redjedef (2613-2603 BC) to the throne. Khafer’s pyramid was 471 feet high when constructed, with the base about 707 feet per side. The Great Sphinx, located very near the pyramids, is said to have the face of Khafer and the body of a lion. The last of the immense Giza pyramids was built by Menkaure (Mycerinus), who ruled from 2578 to 2553 BC. This pyramid is the smallest of the three, reaching a height of only 218 feet and base lengths of 356 feet. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built at the Royal Palace of Babylonia, which was located on the Euphrates river about 50 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq. There are two accounts as to the creation of the Gardens. The more popular belief is that King Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC) of Babylonia built them to comfort his wife, Amyitis, who missed the mountain surroundings of her homeland. The other possible creator of the Gardens is Queen Sammu-ramat (Semiramis), who lived two centuries before Nebuchadnezzar. There are no known remains of the Gardens that would verify their existence. In fact, only ancient Greek historians and poets mention the Gardens; Babylonian writings say nothing of them. Many people today believe that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon never existed, that the Greek poets and historians saw them only in their own minds. However, if they did exist as the Greeks claim, they contained elevated terraces that were stepped to form mountain-like structures. Exotic plants and animals inhabited the gardens, and large irrigation systems pumped water throughout the terraces. The Greek historian Philo wrote of the Gardens: "The Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the earth. The whole mass is supported on stone columns… Streams of water emerging from elevated sources flow down sloping channels… These waters irrigate the whole garden saturating the roots of plants and keeping the whole area moist. Hence the grass is permanently green and the leaves of trees grow firmly attached to supple branches… This is a work of art of royal luxury and its most striking feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended above the heads of the spectators."
Statue of Zeus
The Statue of Zeus was crafted over an eight year period at Olympia, Greece and was finished in 430 BC. Phidias, its creator, was perhaps the finest sculptor in all of the ancient world. A magnificent temple was constructed to house the 40 ft. tall statue. This temple attained a religious significance far greater than any other Greek temple in the world of antiquity. The magnificent statue was made primarily of gold and ivory molded over a wooden frame. The King of Gods was depicted as sitting on his throne with a symbol of Nike (victory) in his right hand and a scepter crowned by an eagle in his left. The statue was decorated with ebony, ivory, precious stones, silver, gold, sphinxes and winged symbols of victory. The Temple flourished until the fourth century AD, when it was closed after the Olympic Games were banned by the Christian Emperor Theodosius. Fires, floods and earthquakes damaged and eventually destroyed the temple in 426 AD. The statue was transported to Constantinople where it was kept until 462, when it was destroyed by a severe fire. Temple of Artemis
The Temple of Artemis was built in Ephesus (modern day Selcuk, Turkey) about 550 BC. It was dedicated to Artemis (Roman: Diana), twin sister of Apollo and goddess of the hunt, childbirth, the harvest, nature, and the moon. Croesus, the King of Ancient Lydia, sponsored the construction of the temple, which was made almost entirely of marble. It contained a statue of Artemis, depicting the goddess standing straight with her hands outstretched, that was made of such precious materials as gold, silver, and ebony. The temple was also glorified by the other incredible works of art contained in it, as well as its enormous size (about 350 by 180 feet). Many ivory, bronze, and gold statues and other art works contained in the temple came from as far as India. The original temple was burned by a madman named Herostratus in 356 BC, rebuilt under Alexander the Great and again destroyed by the Goths in 262 AD. Sadly, the magnificent temple was never restored, making it, like five of the other ancient wonders, known to us only through the words of historians. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum, Turkey) was the tomb of Mausolus, a tyrant King of Caria, a kingdom in the Persian Empire. It was built from 353 to 351 BC by Artemisia, the sister and widow of Mausolus. The base of the mausoleum was formed by a 60 ft. high stepped podium. A colonnade was above this, which consisted of 36 columns supporting the roof. The roof was a 24-step pyramid with a four horse marble chariot fixed at the top. The total height of the mausoleum was 140 ft., 20 ft. of which was the chariot statue. Many other statues of all sizes adorned the mausoleum both inside and out. These were constructed by the four prominent Greek sculptors of the time: Scopas, Bryaxis, Leochartes, and Timotheus. An earthquake probably partially destroyed the mausoleum around the 13th century, and by 1522, Crusaders had completely disassembled the structure and used the blocks in buildings and castles. The name of King Mausolus inspired all similar burial chambers to be known as "mausoleums". Colossus of Rhodes
The Colossus of Rhodes was a 110 ft. high statue of Helios, the Greek sun god, erected near the opening of the harbor of Rhodes, an island in Greece. It was built from about 292-280 BC after a peace agreement between the Macedonians and the Rhodians. A war between those two groups had been fought, and when the Macedonians left Rhodes in peace, they left a wealth of military equipment behind. The Colossus was built at the harbor to celebrate the end of this war. It was made of bronze with a white marble base and was reinforced with iron and stone. Unfortunately, it was toppled just 56 years later by an earthquake, leaving the Colossus lying on its side, which is how it remained until 653 AD. In this year Arabs invaded Rhodes and tore apart the Colossus, selling the bronze for scrap. Many people believe the medieval myth that the Colossus straddled the harbor, but in reality it stood off to one side. The design for the Statue of Liberty was inspired by the Colossus. Pharos of Alexanderia
The Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria was constructed by Sostratus for Ptolemy II, ruler of Egypt, in about 280 BC on the island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria, Egypt. This lighthouse had a square base, an octagonal midsection, and a cylindrical top. There was a large statue on the top of the Pharos, probably of Alexander the Great or Pyolemy I Soter. The total height of the structure was slightly more than 440 ft., with either a fire burning or a mirror reflecting sunlight at the top. In the Middle Ages, the Arabs who conquered Egypt neglected to maintain the lighthouse. It was rattled by earthquakes in AD 956, 1303 and 1323, and by the 15th century it was destroyed. In 1477 the Mamlk sultan Q’it By built a fort over the ruins of the Pharos, using the rubble of the once marvelous structure in walls and fortifications. |
|||||||||||||||||||
Seven Modern Wonders of the World
The modern wonders include 6 new and an ancient world wonder. The Giza Pyramid complex is the only ancient wonder to feature in this list. The remaining 6 wonders are enlisted below.
Christ the Redeemer
A statue of Jesus Christ located in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, Christ the Redeemer has a height of 39.6 m and is the largest ‘Art Deco’ statue.
The Great Wall of China
A series of walls built on the northern border of China, it was constructed and maintained during the period between 5th and 16th century. The Great Wall of China that we see today was constructed in the Ming dynasty. Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China had built a wall, the remains of which are found even today. It was built between 220 B.C. and 206 B.C.
Taj Mahal
It is a mausoleum built by Shah Jahan a Mughal emperor in the memory of Mumtaz Mahal, his wife. The Taj Mahal is located at Agra, India and was constructed between 1632 A.D. And 1648 A.D.
Chichen Itza
The word Chichen can be broken into ‘chi’ and ‘ch’e’en’, which means ‘mouth’ and ‘well’ respectively. Itza is an ethnic group of northern peninsula of Mexico. The name, Chichen Itza thus, translates as, ‘at the mouth of well of Itza’. This pyramidal structure was built during the Mayan civilization.
Petra
A rock city carved in red stone at Jordan by Nabataens, is one of the major tourist attractions. It has been described as a "rose-red city half as old as time". It remained hidden from the western world till 1812, when Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardt discovered it. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man’s cultural heritage".
Machu Picchu
An archaeological site located at a height of 2,430 m in the Urubamba Valley, Peru, Machu Picchu is 80 km. away from Cuzco. The construction of Machu Picchu started in 1400 A.D. during the Inca civilization, however, the site was abandoned later on.
Apart from the ancient and modern wonders, the seven natural wonders of the world include Mount Everest, Victoria Falls, Great Barrier Reef, Harbor of Rio de Janeiro, Paricutin Volcano, Aurora and Grand Canyon. The list of ancient and modern seven wonders of the world presents before us the richness of culture and architecture of our ancestors.
<< بالمرفقات
30.doc (29.5 كيلوبايت, 409 مشاهدات)
30.doc (29.5 كيلوبايت, 409 مشاهدات) وان شاء في ميزان حسناتك
30.doc (29.5 كيلوبايت, 409 مشاهدات) ربي يعطيكـ العافيه
30.doc (29.5 كيلوبايت, 409 مشاهدات) 
بليز.
اختي ما حصلت الحل جاهز..
بس سؤال هل هذا الدرس من ضمن كتاب القصة..؟
هذا الدرس من كتاب العربي مب من القصة..
لان في هالقسم شي موضوع مثبت..
حلول كتاب اللغة العربية الفصل الاول..
بس هذا مب من ضمنهم..؟
عالعموم انا دورت في النت وما حصلت الجواب..
السموحة منج وان شاء الله غيري يساعدج..><
مب مشكلة اختي..
بس ياريت تحطين لنا الحل عشان الكل يستفيد,,
ولج الاجر باذن الله..^^
والله ماعرف بس هي تقول انها حصلت الحلول..؟؟
عالعموم يغلق دام الدرس ماله اسئلة..
بارك الله فيج..
اخوي الموضوع مكرر
طلب تلخيص درس مع البخلاء و ابو البنات السبع الصف الثامن
السسموحة يغلق
موضوع شعر المعلّقات:
لو رجعنا إلى القصائد الجاهلية الطوال والمعلّقات منها علىالأخصّ رأينا أنّ الشعراء يسيرون فيها على نهج
مخصوص; يبدأون عادة بذكر الأطلال ،وقد بدأ عمرو بن كلثوم مثلاً بوصف الخمر ، ثمّ بدأ بذكر الحبيبة ، ثمّ
ينتقل أحدهمإلى وصف الراحلة ، ثمّ إلى الطريق التي يسلكها ، بعدئذ يخلص إلى المديح أو الفخر (إذا كان الفخر
مقصوداً كما عند عنترة) وقد يعود الشاعر إلى الحبيبة ثمّ إلى الخمر، وبعدئذ ينتهي بالحماسة (أو الفخر) أو
بذكر شيء من الحِكَم (كما عند زهير) أو منالوصف كما عند امرئ القيس .
ويجدر بالملاحظة أنّ في القصيدة الجاهلية أغراضاًمتعدّدة; واحد منها مقصود لذاته (كالغزل عند امرئ القيس ،
الحماسة عند عنترة ،والمديح عند زهير . .) ،
عدد القصائد المعلّقات
لقد اُختلف في عدد القصائدالتي تعدّ من المعلّقات ، فبعد أن اتّفقوا على خمس منها; هي معلّقات : امرئ القيس ،
وزهير ، ولبيد ، وطرفة ، وعمرو بن كلثوم . اختلفوا في البقيّة ، فمنهم من يعدّبينها معلّقة عنترة والحارث بن
حلزة ، ومنهم من يدخل فيها قصيدتي النابغة والأعشى ،ومنهم من جعل فيها قصيدة عبيد بن الأبرص ، فتكون
المعلّقات عندئذ عشراً .
نماذج مختارة من القصائد المعلّقة مع شرح حال شعرائها
اثنان من هذه القصائداخترتها من بين القصائد السبع أو العشر مع إشارة لما كتبه بعض الكتاب والأدباء عنجوانبها الفنية.. لتكون محور بحثنا هذا :
امرؤ القيس
اسمه :امرؤ القيس ، خندج ، عدي ، مليكة ، لكنّه عرفواشتهر بالاسم الأوّل ، وهو آخر اُمراء اُسرة كندة اليمنيّة .
أبوه :حجر بن الحارث ، آخر ملوك تلك الاُسرة ، التي كانتتبسط نفوذها وسيطرتها على منطقة نجد من منتصف القرن الخامس الميلادي حتى منتصفالسادس .
اُمّه :فاطمة بنت ربيعة اُخت كليب زعيم قبيلة ربيعة منتغلب ، واُخت المهلهل بطل حرب البسوس ، وصاحب أوّل قصيدة عربية تبلغ الثلاثينبيتاً .
نبذة منحياته :
قال ابن قتيبة : هو من أهلنجد من الطبقة الاُولى . كان يعدّ من عشّاقالعرب ، وكانيشبّب بنساء منهنّ فاطمة بنت العبيد العنزية التي يقول لها فيمعلّقته :
أفاطمُ مهلاً بعض هذا التدلّل
وقد طرده أبو ه على أثرذلك . وظل امرؤ القيس سادراً في لهوه إلى أن بلغه مقتل أبيه وهو بدمّون فقال :ضيّعني صغيراً ، وحمّلني دمه كبيراً ، لا صحو اليوم ولا سكرَ غداً ، اليوم خمرٌوغداً أمرٌ ، ثمّ آلى أن لا يأكل لحماً ولا يشرب خمراً حتّى يثأر لأبيه29 .
إلى هنا تنتهي الفترةالاُولى من حياة امرئ القيس وحياة المجون والفسوق والانحراف ، لتبدأ مرحلة جديدة منحياته ، وهي فترة طلب الثأر من قَتَلة أبيه ، ويتجلّى ذلك من شعره ، الّذي قاله فيتلك الفترة ، الّتي يعتبرها الناقدون مرحلة الجدّ من حياة الشاعر ، حيكت حولها كثيرمن الأساطير ، التي اُضيفت فيما بعد إلى حياته . وسببها يعود إلى النحل والانتحالالذي حصل في زمان حمّاد الراوية ، وخلف الأحمر ومن حذا حذوهم . حيث أضافوا إلىحياتهم ما لم يدلّ عليه دليل عقلي وجعلوها أشبه بالأسطورة .
ولكن لا يعني ذلك أنّكلّ ما قيل حول مرحلة امرئ القيس الثانية هو اُسطورة .
والمهم أنّه قد خرج إلىطلب الثأر من بني أسد قتلة أبيه ، وذلك بجمع السلاح وإعداد الناس وتهيئتهم للمسيرمعه ، وبلغ به ذلك المسير إلى ملك الروم حيث أكرمه لما كان يسمع من أخبار شعره وصارنديمه ، واستمدّه للثأر من القتلة فوعده ذلك ، ثمّ بعث معه جيشاً فيهم أبناء ملوكالروم ، فلمّا فصل قيل لقيصر : إنّك أمددت بأبناء ملوك أرضك رجلاً من العرب وهم أهلغدر ، فإذا استمكن ممّاأراد وقهربهم عدوّه غزاك . فبعث إليه قيصر مع رجل من العرب كان معه يقال له الطمّاح ، بحلّةمنسوجة بالذهب مسمومة ، وكتب إليه : إنّي قد بعثت إليك بحلّتي الّتي كنت ألبسها يومالزينة ليُعرف فضلك عندي ، فإذا وصلت إليك فالبسها على الُيمن والبركة ، واكتب إليّمن كلّ منزل بخبرك ، فلمّا وصلت إليه الحلّة اشتدّ سروره بها ولبسها ، فأسرع فيهالسمّ وتنفّط جلده ، والعرب تدعوه : ذا القروح لذلك ، ولقوله :
وبُدِّلْتُ قرحاً دامياً بعد صحّة فيالك نُعمى قد تحوّلُأبؤسا
ولمّا صار إلى مدينةبالروم تُدعى : أنقرة ثقل فأقام بها حتّى مات ، وقبره هناك .
وآخرشعره :
ربّ خطبة مسحنفَرهْ وطعنة مثعنجرهْ
وجعبة متحيّرهْ تدفنُ غداً بأنقرةْ
ورأى قبراً لامرأة من بناتملوك العرب هلكت بأنقره فسأل عنها فاخبر ، فقال :
أجارتنا إنّ المزار قريبُ وإنّي مقيم ما أقامعسيبُ
أجارتَنا إنّا غريبانِ هاهنا وكلّ غريب للغريب نسيبُ
وقد عدَّ الدكتور جواد عليوالدكتور شوقي ضيف وبروكلمان وآخرون بعض ما ورد في قصّة امرئ القيس وطرده ،والحكايات التي حيكت بعد وصوله إلى قيصر ودفنه بأنقرة إلى جانب قبر ابنة بعض ملوكالروم ، وسبب موته بالحلة المسمومة ، وتسميته ذا القروح منالأساطير .
قالوافيه :
1 ـ النبيّ(صلى الله عليهوسلم) : ذاك رجل مذكور في الدنيا ، شريف فيها منسيّ في الآخرة خامل فيها ، يجيءيوم القيامة معه لواء الشعراء إلى النار .
2 ـ الإمام علي(عليهالسلام) : سُئل من أشعر الشعراء؟ فقال :
إنّ القوم لم يَجروا في حَلبةتُعرفُ الغايةُ عند قصبتها ، فإنْ كان ولابُدّ فالملكُ الضِّلِّيلُ . يريد امرأ القيس .
3 ـ الفرزدق سئل من أشعرالناس؟ قال : ذو القروح .
4 ـ يونس بن حبيب : إنّعلماء البصرة كانوا يقدّمون امرأ القيس .
5 ـ لبيد بن ربيعة : أشعرالناس ذو القروح .
6 ـ أبو عبيدة معمّر بنالمثنّى : هو أوّل من فتح الشعر ووقف واستوقف وبكى في الدمن ووصف مافيها . . .
معلّقة امرئ القيس
البحر : الطويل . عدد أبياتها : 78 بيتاً منها : 9 : في ذكرى الحبيبة . 21 : في بعض مواقف له . 13 : في وصفالمرأة . 5 : في وصف الليل . 18 : في السحاب والبرق والمطر وآثاره . والبقية فياُمور مختلفة .
استهلّ امرؤ القيسمعلّقته بقوله :
قفانبكِ من ذكرى حبيب ومنزِلِ بِسِقْط اللِّوَى بين الدَّخُوْلِفَحَوْمَلِ
فتوضِحَ فالمقراة لم يعفُ رسمُها لما نسجتها منجنوب وَشَمْأَلِ
وقد عدّ القدماء هذا المطلع منمبتكراته ، إذ وقف واستوقف وبكى وأبكى وذكر الحبيب والمنزل ، ثمّ انتقل إلى روايةبعض ذكرياته السعيدة بقوله :
ألاربّ يوم لَكَ منهُنَّ صالحٌ ولاسيّما يومٌ بدراةجُلجُلِ
ويومَعقرت للعِذارى مطيّتي فيا عجباً من رحلِهاالمتحمّلِ
فضلّالعذارى يرتمينَ بلحمها وشحم كهذّاب الدِّمَقْسِالمُفَتَّلِ
وحيث إنّ تذكّر الماضي السعيد قدأرّق ليالي الشاعر ، وحرمه الراحة والهدوء; لذا فقد شعر بوطأة الليل; ذلك أنّالهموم تصل إلى أوجها في الليل ، فما أقسى الليل على المهموم! إنّه يقضّ مضجعهُ ،ويُطير النوم من عينيه ، ويلفّه في ظلام حالك ، ويأخذه في دوامة تقلّبه هنا وهناكلا يعرف أين هو ، ولا كيف يسير ولا ماذا يفعل ، ويلقي عليه بأحماله ، ويقف كأنّه لايتحرّك . . يقول :
وليلكموج البحرِ أرخى سدوله عليّ بأنواع الهمومِليبتلي
فقُلْتُ لَهُ لمّا تمطّى بصلبِهِ وأردف أعجازاًوناءَ بِكَلْكَلِ
ألاأيّها الليلُ الطويل ألا انجلي بصبح وما الأصْبَاحُ منكَبِأمْثَلِ
وتعدّ هذه الأبيات من أروع ماقاله في الوصف ، ومبعث روعتها تصويره وحشيّة الليل بأمواج البحر وهي تطوي مايصادفها; لتختبر ما عند الشاعر من الصبر والجزع .فأنت أمام وصف وجداني فيه منالرقّة والعاطفة النابضة ، وقد استحالت سدول الليل فيه إلى سدول همّ ، وامتزج ليلالنفس بليل الطبيعة ، وانتقل الليل من الطبيعة إلى النفس ، وانتقلت النفس إلى ظلمةالطبيعة .فالصورة في شعره تجسيد للشعور فيمادّة حسّية مستقاة من البيئة الجاهلية .ثمّ يخرج منه إلى وصف فرسه وصيدهولذّاته فيه ، وكأنّه يريد أن يضع بين يدي صاحبته فروسيته وشجاعته ومهارته في ركوبالخيل واصطياد الوحش يقول :
وقدأَغتدي والطير في وُكُناتِها بِمُنْجرد قيدِ الأوابدِهيكلِ
مِكَرٍّ مِفَرٍّ مُقْبِل مُدْبر معاً كجُلْمُودِ صَخْر حَطَّهُالسَّيْلُ مِنْ عَلِ
وهو وصف رائع لفرسه الأشقر ، فقدصوّر سرعته تصويراً بديعاً ، وبدأ فجعله قيداً لأوابد الوحش إذا انطلقت في الصحراءفإنّها لا تستطيع إفلاتاً منه كأنّه قيد يأخذ بأرجلها .وهو لشدّة حركته وسرعته يخيّلإليك كأنّه يفرّ ويكرّ في الوقت نفسه ، وكأنّه يقبل ويدبر في آن واحد ، وكأنّهجلمود صخر يهوى به السيل من ذورة جبل عال .ثمّ يستطرد في ذكر صيده وطهيالطهاة له وسط الصحراء قائلاً :
فظلّطهاةُ اللحمِ ما بين منضج صفيف شواء أو قديرمعجّلِ
وينتقل بعد ذلك إلى وصف الأمطاروالسيول ، التي ألمّت بمنازل قومه بني أسد بالقرب من تيماء في شمالي الحجاز ،يقول :
أحارِ ترى برقاً كأنّوميضَهُ
كلمعِ اليدين في حبيٍّمكَلّلِ
يضيءُ سناهُ أومصابيحُ راهب
أهانَ السَّليطَفي الذُّبالِ المفتّلِ
قعدتُ له وصحبتيبين حامِر
وبين إكام بُعْدَ مامتأمّلِ
وأضحى يسحُّ الماءعن كلِّ فيقة
يكبُّ على الأذهان دوحَالكَنهْبَلِ
وتيماءَ لم يتركبها جذعَ نخلة
ولا اُطماً إلاّ مشيداًبِجَنْدَلِ
استهلّ هذه القطعة بوصف وميضالبرق وتألّقه في سحاب متراكم ، وشبّه هذا التألّق واللمعان بحركة اليدين إذا اُشيربهما ، أو كأنّه مصابيح راهب يتوهّج ضوؤها بما يمدّها من زيتكثير .
ويصف كيف جلس هو وأصحابهيتأمّلونه بين جامر وإكام ، والسحاب يسحّ سحّاً ، حتّى لتقتلع سيوله كلّ ما فيطريقها من أشجار العِضاه العظيمة ، وتلك تيماء لم تترك بها نخلاً ولا بيتاً ، إلاّما شيّد بالصخر ، فقد اجتثّت كلّ ما مرّت به ، وأتت عليه من قواعدهواُصوله .
لبيد بن ربيعة
هو لبيد بن ربيعة بن عامر بن مالكبن جعفر بن كلاب بن ربيعة . . الكلابيقال المرزباني : كان فارساًشجاعاً سخيّاً ، قال الشعر في الجاهلية دهراً . قال أكثر أهل الأخبار : إنّه كانشريفاً في الجاهلية والإسلام ، وكان قد نذر أن لا تهبّ الصبا إلاّ نحر وأطعم ، ثمّنزل الكوفة ، وكان المغيرة بن شعبة إذا هبّت الصبا يقول : أعينوا أبا عقيل علىمروءته . وحكى الرياشي : لمّا اشتدّ الجدبعلى مضر بدعوة النبيّ(صلى الله عليه وسلم) وفد عليه وفد قيس وفيهم لبيدفأنشد :
أتيناكيا خير البريّة كلّها لترحمنا ممّا لقينا منالأزلِ
أتيناكوالعذراء تدمى لبانها وقد ذهلت أمّ الصبيّ عنالطفلِ
فإنتدعُ بالسقيا وبالعفو ترسل الـ ـسّماءَ لنا والأمر يبقى علىالأَصْلِ
وهو من الشعراء ، الّذين ترفعواعن مدح الناس لنيل جوائزهم وصِلاتهم ، كما أنّه كان من الشعراء المتقدّمين فيالشعر .وأمّا أبوه فقد عرف بربيعةالمقترين لسخائه ، وقد قُتل والده وهو صغير السّنّ ، فتكفّل أعمامهُتربيتَه .ويرى بروكلمان احتمال مجيء لبيدإلى هذه الدنيا في حوالى سنة 560م .
أمّا وفاته فكانت سنة 40هـ . وقيل : 41هـ .لمّا دخل معاوية الكوفة بعد أن صالح الإمام الحسن بن علي ونزل النخيلة ، وقيل :إنّه مات بالكوفة أيّام الوليد بن عقبة في خلافة عثمان ، كما ورد أنّه توفّي سنةنيف وستين .
قالوافيه :
1 ـ النبي(صلى الله عليه وآله) :أصدق كلمة قالها الشاعر كلمة لبيد :
ألا كلّ شيء ما خلا الله باطل
وروى أنّ لبيداً أنشد النبي(صلىالله عليه وسلم) قوله :
ألاكلّ شيء ما خلا الله باطلُ
فقال له :صدقت .
فقال :
وكلّنعيم لا محالة زائلُ
فقال له : كذبت ، نعيم الآخرة لايزول .
2 ـ المرزباني : إنّ الفرزدق سمعرجلاً ينشد قول لبيد :
وجلاالسيوف من الطلولِ كأنّها زبر تجدّ متونَهاأقلامُها
فنزل عن بغلته وسجد ، فقيل له :ما هذا؟ فقال : أنا أعرف سجدة الشعر كما يعرفون سجدة القرآن .
القول في إسلامه
وأمّا إسلامه فقد أجمعت الرواةعلى إقبال لبيد على الإسلام من كلّ قلبه ، وعلى تمسّكه بدينه تمسّكاً شديداً ، ولاسيما حينما يشعر بتأثير وطأة الشيخوخة عليه ، وبقرب دنوّ أجله; ويظهر أنّ شيخوختهقد أبعدته عن المساهمة في الأحداث السياسية التي وقعت في أيّامه ، فابتعد عنالسياسة ، وابتعد عن الخوض في الأحداث ، ولهذا لا نجد في شعره شيئاً ، ولا فيما رويعنه من أخبار أنّه تحزّب لأحد أو خاصم أحداً .وروي أنّ لبيداً ترك الشعر وانصرفعنه ، فلمّا كتب عمر إلى عامله المغيرة ابن شعبة على الكوفة يقول له : استنشد منقبلك من شعراء مصرك ما قالوا في الإسلام . أرسل إلى لبيد ، فقال : أرجزاً تُريد أمقصيداً؟ فقال :
أنشدني ما قلته في الإسلام ، فكتبسورة البقرة في صحيفة ثمّ أتى بها ، وقال : أَبدلني الله هذا في الإسلام مكانالشعر . فكتب المغيرة بذلك إلى عمر فنقص منعطاء الأغلب خمسمائة وجعلها في عطاء لبيد .
وجعله في اُسد الغابة من المؤلّفةقلوبهم وممّن حسن إسلامه، وكان عمرهمائة وخمساً وخمسين سنة ، منهاخمس وأربعون في الإسلام وتسعون في الجاهلية .
مختارات من شعره
له قصيدة في رثاء النعمان بنالمنذر ، تعرّض فيها للموت ولزوال النعيم ولعدم دوام الدنيا لأحد ،مطلعها :
ألاتسألان المرء ماذا يحاولُ أنحب فيقضى أم ضلالٌوباطلٌ؟
وقد ذكر فيها الله جلّ جلالهبقوله :
أرى الناس لا يدرون ما قدرُ أمرِهمُ
بلى : كلّ ذي لبّ إلى اللهواسلُ
ألا كلُّ شيء ماخلا الله باطلُ
وكلّ نعيم لا محالةزائلُ
وكلُّ اُناس سوفتدخلُ بينهم
دويهيّةٌ تصفرّ منهاالأناملُ
وكلّ امرئ يوماًسيعلمُ سعيه
إذا كشّفت عند الإله المحاصلُ43
معلّقة لبيد بن ربيعة
البحر : الكامل . عدد الأبيات : 89 موزّعة فيما يلي : 11 في ديار الحبيبة . 10 في رحلة الحبيبة وبعدها وأثره . 33في الناقة . 21 في الفخر الشخصي . 14 في الفخر القبلي .
يبدأ الشاعر معلقته ببكاء الأطلالووصفها ، وكيف أنّ الديار قد درست معالمها حتّى عادت لا ترى فقد هجرت ، وأصبحت لايدخلها أحدٌ لخرابها :
عفتالديار محلّها فمقامها بمنىً تأبّد غولهافرجامها
رزقتمرابيع النجوم وصابها ودقَ الرواعد جودهافرهامها
ثمّ عاد بمخيلته شريط الذكريات ،ذكريات فراق الأحبّة فيتحدّث عن الظعائن الجميلات الرشيقات ، وعن هوادجهنّ المكسوّةبالقماش والستائر :
مشاقتكظعن الحيّ يوم تحمّلوا فتكنّسوا قطناً تصرّخيامها
منكلِّ محفوف يظلّ عصيّه روح عليه كلّةٌ وقرامها
ويرى أن يقطع أمله منها ويتركرجاءه فيها ما دامت نوار قد تغيّر وصلها :
ما قطعلبانه من تعرّض وصله ولشرّ واصل خلّة صرّامها
ثمّ يأخذ في وصف ناقته بألفاظغريبة وتعابير بدوية متينة ، فهو يشبهها بالغمامة الحمراء تدفعها رياح الجنوبفيقول :
فلهاهبابٌ في الزمامِ كأنّها صهباء خفّ مع الجنوبحمامُها
واُخرى يشبّهها بالبقرة الوحشيّةقائلاً :
خنساءُضيّعتِ الغريرَ فلم ترِمْ عُرْضَ الشّقائقِ طوفهاوبُغامُها
لمعفّرقَهْد تنازعَ شلوهُ غبسٌ كواسبُ ، لا يُمَنّطعامُها
وعلى الرغم من تعرّضه لوصف الناقةفلم تفته الحكمة :
صادفْنَ منها غرّة فأصبنها إنّ المنايا لا تطيشسهامها
ويقول :
لتذودهنّ وأيقنت إن لم تَزُدْ أن قد أحمّ منالحتوفِ حمامها
فهو مؤمن بقضاء الله ، قانع بماقسم له وكتب عليه ، راض بذلك ، ويدعو النّاس إلى الرضا :
فاقنعبما كتب المليكُ فإنّما قسم الخلائق بينناعلاّمها
ثمّ ينتقل لبيد للفخر بفروسيّته ،وكونه يحمي قومه في موضع المحنة والخوف ، يرقب لهم عند ثغور الأعداء وهو بكاملعدّته متأهّباً للنزال ، حتّى إذا أجنّه الظلام نزل من مرقبه إلى السهل ، وامتطىجواده القوي السريع :
ولقد حميت الحيّ تحملمثكتي
فرطٌ وشاحي إذ غدوتلجامها
فعلوت مرتقباً علىذي هبوة
حرج إلى أعلامهنّقَتَامُها
حتّى إذا ألقت يداًفي كافر
وأجنّ عورات الثغورظلامها
أسهلت وانتصبتْكجذعِ منيفة
جرداءَ يَحْصَرُ دونَهاجرّامُها
ولبيد خير شاعر برّ قومه ، فهويحبّهم ويؤثرهم ويشيد بمآثرهم ويسجّل مكرماتهم ، ويفخر بأيّامهم وأحسابهم ، فسجّلفي معلّقته فضائل قومه ، وافتخر بأهله وخصّهم بأجودالثناء :
إنّا إذا التقت المجامعُ لميزل
منّا لزازُ عظيمةجشّامُّها
من معشر سنّت لهمآباؤهم
ولكلّ قوم سنّةٌوإمُامها
لا يطبعون ولا يبورفعالُهم
إذ لا يميل مع الهوىأحلامُها
وهم السعاةُ إذاالعشيرة اُفظِعَتْ
وهُمُ فوارسها وهمحكّامُها
وهُمُ ربيعٌللمجاور فيهمُ
والمرملاتِ إذا تطاولَعامُها
وهُمُ العشيرةُ أنيُبَطّئ حاسدٌ
أو أن يميلَ مع العدىلوّامُها
المصادر والمراجع
(1) العين للفراهيدي 1/162 تحقيق د .مهدي المخزومي و د . ابراهيم السامرائي ، ط لبنان 1988 .
(2) لسان العرب لابن منظور 9/362 . دار إحياء التراث العربي ـ ط1 بيروت 1988 .
(3) المصدر السابقص359 .
(4) المعجم الأدبي د . جبّورعبدالنور ص257 ط دار العلم للملايين .
(5) العقد الفريد لابن عبد ربّه 6/118 ط دار الكتب العلمية بيروت ـ تح : د . عبدالمجيد الترحيني ـط1ـ 1404هـ .وانظر خزانة الأدب للحموي 1/61 ومقدّمة ابن خلدون : 511 وتاريخ آداب العربية لمصطفىصادق الرافعي 1833 .
(6) تاريخ الأدب العربي ـ العصر الجاهلي للدكتور شوقي ضيف :ص140 .
(7) العقد الفريد 6 : 119 .
(8) المزهر 2/480 وعبارته هيعين عبارة العمدة .
(9) خزانة الأدب 1 / 61.
(10) كما ذكره الرافعي في تأريخ آداب العربية 3/183وغيره .
(11) المقدّمة : 511 .
(12) تأريخ آداب اللغة العربية 1/95 . ط دار مكتبة الحياة ـبيروت .
(13) المصدرالسابق .
(14) تاريخ آداب اللغة العربية ، جرجي زيدان 1/95 ط دار مكتبة الحياة ـبيروت .
(15) تاريخ الأدب العربي لكارلبروكلمان 1/67 ترجمة د . عبدالحكيم النجّار .
(16) تاريخ الأدب العربي ـالعصر الجاهلي ص140 .
(17) المصدر السابقص142 .
(18) تاريخ آداب العرب 3/183 .
(19) المفصّل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام 9/516 ومابعدها .
(20) خزانة الأدب 1/124 .
(21) النقائض لأبي عبيدة 1/189 .
(22) الخصاص لابن جني 1/392 ـ 393 ، ولمزيد من التفصيل عليك بكتاب مصادر الشعر الجاهلي وقيمتها التأريخية للدكتورناصر الدين الأسد ص134 وما بعدها . ط . دار الجيل بيروت ، وانظر أيضاً فصل الكتابةعند العرب قبل الإسلام من مكاتيب الرسول ج1 للشيخ الأحمديالميانجي .
(23) ديوان حسّان بن ثابت ـ مخطوط بمكتبة أحمد الثالث ورقة 15 ـ 16 عندمصادر الشعر الجاهلي لناصر الدين الاسد .
(24) سيرة ابن هشام 1/375 ـ 376 .
(25) خزانة الأدب 3/162 .
(26) خزانة الأدب 3/162 .
(27) اُنظر تاريخ الأدب العربي لكارل بروكلمان 1/67 .
(28) الشعر والشعراء ص27 ط ليدن 1902 .
(29) المصدر السابق :ص39 .
(30) الشعر والشعراء ص45 ـ 47 ،وعسيب : جبل هناك .
(31) الشعروالشعراء .
حدائق بابل المعلقة، تفسير آشوري.
حدائق معلقة، تفسير من القرن الحادي والعشرين.
لبناء الجنائن المعلقه شيد نبوخذنصر الثاني قصراً كبيراً وزرع على سطحه كميه كبيره من النباتات والأزهار ذات الالوان الجذابة بحيث غطي شكل القصر وكأنه جبل مزروع بالنباتات والأزهار. وزرعت الأشجار والأزهار فوق أقواس حجريه ارتفاعها 23 متراً فوق سطوح الأراضي المجاورة للقصر وكانت تسقى من مياه الفرات بواسطة نظام ميكانيكي معقد وكانت تقع على الضفة الشرقية من نهر الفرات حوالي 50 كم جنوب بغداد.
الحدائق عبارة عن أربعة أفدنه علي شكل شرفات معلقة علي أعمدة ارتفاعها 75 قدماً (23 مترا)..
ان شاااء الله تفيدج
ما قصرت اختي دلوعة
وهذا تقرير اخر,,
ســـور الـــــصــــــيـــن الــــعــــظـــــيــم
((أسرة ( هان ) الملكية قامت بإنشائه العظيم للحماية من الغزو وهجوم الاعداء))
الصين دولة كبيرة من دول شرق أسيا وتعتبر من أقدم دول العالم حضارة حيث
يعود تاريخ حضارة الصين ألى 6000 عام ولعل أهم الحضارة الصينية القديمة
هو سور الصين العظيم وهو أعظم مشروع قديم فى العالم ، ولشدة ضخامته فقد
رجال الفضاء من القمر وهو طويل جداً حيث يمتد لمسافة تبلغ 6700 كم ويقال
أن الطوب المستخدم فى بناء السور العظيم يكفى لبناء جدار بأرتفاع 5 أمتار
وسمك متر واحد يلف حول الكورة الارضية كلها مرة واحدة .
وسبب بناء هو حماية المنطقة من الغزو وهجوم الاعداء ، حيث كانت مناطق
ومدن الصين تتعرض لهجوم قبائل البدو ، وكان أسمهم ( الهون ) وهم قبائل لا
يعرفون الزراعة وليس لديهم مصدر رزق إلا الغزو والسرقة والهجوم على القبائل
الاخرى .
وكانت الصين تنقسم الى عدة ممالك أو دول صغيرة مختلفة باستمرار وتحصل
بينهم حروب ، فكان لكل مملكة سور خاص يحيط بأرضها ليحميها من الهجوم
والسرقة .
ثم جاء أمبرطور صينى مشهور أسمه ( تشين سي هوانج ) وهو قائد ذكى
وأستطاع أن يوحد الصين كلها ويجعلها دوله واحدة وهو أمبرطورها وحاكمها ،
وقام هذا الامبراطورببناء أسوار جديدة وإعاد بناء الاسوار القديمة وبنى الممرات
وكان يجبر الناس على العمل فى ظروف شاقه وصعبة .
وبعد فترة من الزمن جاءت أسرة تدعى أسرة هان الملكية وحكمت الصين ،
وقامت هذه الاسرة الحاكمة بإنشاء سور ضخم جداً أكبر من السور الذى بناه
الامبراطور السابق ، وقد بنت سوراً ضخماً جداً بسبب عودة قبائل البدو التى كانت
تهجم على الصين وازدياد قوة تلك القبائل ، وأقامت الاسرة أبراجاً وهى غرف
فوق السور عالية لمراقبة الاعداء عند الهجوم ، وقد ساعد وجود السور على
حماية الصين من السرقات وعلى اطمئنان الناس والعمل دون خوف .
وكانت معظم المواد المستخدمة فى بناء السور تجلب من الصين نفسها وأهم
معظم المواد الخشب والقرميد والحجارة والتربة ، وقد أستخدمت الحجارة على
الجبال الشاهقة بينما أسخدمت التربة فى السهول ، أما فى المناطق الصحراوية
فقد بنيت الأسوار بالقصب وأغصان الأشجار المبطنة بالرمال ، وسور الصين فى
الوقت الحالى لم يعد ينفع لصد الهجوم لان هجوم الاعداء يكون بالطائرات ، ولكنه
يعتبر أرثاً سياحياً يذهب أليه الناس من جميع أنحاء العالم للأستمتاع بمنظرة
وتأمل قوه القدماء .
وهذه بعض صور سور الصين العظيم
موفقة,,
ابغي ضروري تلخيص درس مع البخلاء و ابو البنات السبع اليوم
السسموحة منك اخوي لم اجد الطلب..
ان شاء الله غيري ما يقصر
تفضلي اختي صور شيوخنا ربي يحفظهم,,.
الشيخ خليفة بن زايد آل نهيان رئيس الدولة
الشيخ محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم حاكم امارة دبي
الشيخ سلطان بن محمد القاسمي حاكم امارة الشارقة
الشيخ حميد بن راشد النعيمي حاكم امارة عجمان
الشيخ حمد بن محمد الشرقي حاكم امارة الفجيرة
الشيخ سعود بن راشد المعلا حاكم امارة ام القيوين
الشيخ سعود بن صقر القاسمي حاكم امارة راس الخيمة
بالتوفيق اختي..
الاخت رمش الذبوحي ما قصرت
شكراً لها على اهتمامها
دمتم بود ,,
